GENE GUIDE

GNB1-Related Syndrome

This guide is not meant to take the place of medical advice. Please consult with your doctor about your genetic results and health care choices. This Gene Guide was last updated on 2024. As new information comes to light with new research we will update this page. You may find it helpful to share this guide with friends and family members or doctors and teachers of the person who has GNB1-Related Syndrome.
a doctor sees a patient

GNB1-related syndrome is also called intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 42, or GNB1 encephalopathy (GNB1-E). For this webpage, we will be using the name GNB1-related syndrome to encompass the wide range of variants observed in the people identified. 

GNB1-related syndrome is caused by changes in the GNB1 gene. These changes can keep the gene from working as it should. 

Key Role

GNB1 plays a key role in cell communication and is important for early development, learning, memory, and other cell activities. 

Symptoms

Because the GNB1 gene is important for brain activity, many people who have GNB1-related syndrome have: 

  • Developmental delay 
  • Intellectual disability 
  • Low muscle tone, also called hypotonia 
  • Brain disorders 
  • Seizures 
  • Movement issues 
  • Vision issues 
  • Poor overall growth

GNB1-related syndrome is a genetic condition, which means that it is caused by variants in genes. Our genes contain the instructions, or code, that tell our cells how to grow, develop, and work. Every child gets two copies of the GNB1 gene: one copy from their mother’s egg, and one copy from their father’s sperm. In most cases, parents pass on exact copies of the gene to their child. But the process of creating the egg or sperm is not perfect. A change in the genetic code can lead to physical issues, developmental issues, or both.

Sometimes a spontaneous variant happens in the sperm, egg or after fertilization. When a brand new genetic variant happens in the genetic code is called a ‘de novo’ genetic variant. The child is usually the first in the family to have the genetic variant.

De novo variants can take place in any gene. We all have some de novo variants, most of which don’t affect our health. But because GNB1 plays a key role in development, de novo variants in this gene can have a meaningful effect.

Research shows that GNB1-related syndrome is often the result of a de novo variant in GNB1. Many parents who have had their genes tested do not have the GNB1 genetic variant found in their child who has the syndrome. In some cases, GNB1-related syndrome happens because the genetic variant was passed down from a parent.

Autosomal dominant conditions

GNB1-related syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition. This means that when a person has the one damaging variant in GNB1 they will likely have symptoms of GNB1-related syndrome. For someone with an autosomal dominant genetic syndrome, every time they have a child there is a 50 percent chance they pass on the same genetic variant and a 50 percent chance they do not pass on the same genetic variant.

Autosomal Dominant Genetic Syndrome

GENE / gene
GENE / gene
Genetic variant that happens in sperm or egg, or after fertilization
GENE / gene
Child with de novo genetic variant
gene / gene
Non-carrier child
gene / gene
Non-carrier child

Why does my child have a change in the GNB1 gene?

No parent causes their child’s GNB1-related syndrome. We know this because no parent has any control over the gene changes that they do or do not pass on to their children. Please keep in mind that nothing a parent does before or during the pregnancy causes this to happen. The gene change takes place on its own and cannot be predicted or stopped.

Each family is different. A geneticist or genetic counselor can give you advice on the chance that this will happen again in your family.

The risk of having another child who has GNB1-related syndrome depends on the genes of both biological parents.

  • If neither biological parent has the same genetic variant found in their child, the chance of having another child who has the syndrome is on average 1 percent. This 1 percent chance is higher than the chance of the general population. The increase in risk is due to the very unlikely chance that more of the mother’s egg cells or the father’s sperm cells carry the same genetic variant.
  • If one biological parent has the same genetic variant found in their child, the chance of having another child who has the syndrome is 50 percent.

For a symptom-free brother or sister of someone who has GNB1-related syndrome, the sibling’s risk of having a child who has GNB1-related syndrome depends on the sibling’s genes and their parents’ genes.

  • If neither parent has the same genetic variant causing GNB1-related syndrome, the symptom-free sibling has a nearly 0 percent chance of having a child who would inherit GNB1-related syndrome.

As of 2024, over 73 people with GNB1-related syndrome have been identified in a medical clinic. 

People who have GNB1-related syndrome may look different. Appearance can vary and can include some but not all of these features: 

  • Premature closing in the bones of a baby’s skull 
  • Changes in skin pigment 
  • Lower than average muscle tone

Scientists and doctors have only just begun to study GNB1-related syndrome. At this point, there are no medicines designed to treat the syndrome. A genetic diagnosis can help people decide on the best way to track the condition and manage therapies. Doctors can refer people to specialists for:

    • Physical exams and brain studies
    • Genetics consults
    • Development and behavior studies
    • Other issues, as needed

A developmental pediatrician, neurologist, or psychologist can follow progress over time and can help:

    • Suggest the right therapies. This can include physical, occupational, speech, or behavioral therapy.
    • Guide individualized education plans (IEPs).

Specialists advise that therapies for GNB1-related syndrome should begin as early as possible, ideally before a child begins school.

If seizures happen, consult a neurologist. There are many types of seizures, and not all types are easy to spot. To learn more, you can refer to resources such as the Epilepsy Foundation’s website: www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures.

This section includes a summary of information from major published articles. It highlights how many people have different symptoms. To learn more about the articles, see the Sources and References section of this guide.

Speech and Learning  

Many people with GNB1-related syndrome had developmental delay or intellectual disability, usually moderate to severe impairment. About one-half of people were non-verbal, and expressive language (ability to express yourself) was usually more affected than receptive language (ability to understand language). 

  • 71 out of 71 people had developmental delay or intellectual disability (100 percent

Behavior 

Behavioral issues occurred in people with GNB1-related syndrome, including repetitive and stereotypic behaviors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and/or autism spectrum disorder. Developmental regression was rare. 

  • 15 out of 36 people had behavioral issues (42 percent
  • 3 out of 57 people had developmental regression (5 percent

Brain 

Over one-half of people with GNB1-related syndrome had seizures and/or brain changes observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A few people had a larger than average head size (macrocephaly) or a smaller than average head size (microcephaly). Most people had low muscle tone (hypotonia). 

  • 27 out of 51 people had seizures (53 percent) 
  • 25 out of 50 people had brain changes on MRI (50 percent) 
  • 9 out of 40 people had macrocephaly (23 percent) 
  • 3 out of 40 people had microcephaly (8 percent) 
  • 37 out of 49 people had hypotonia (76 percent)
53%
27 out of 51 people had seizures.
50%
25 out of 50 people had brain changes on MRI.
23%
9 out of 40 people had macrocephaly.
8%
3 out of 40 people had microcephaly.
76%
37 out of 49 people had hypotonia.

Growth 

Obesity was a problem for about 1 in 5 people, but some people were underweight. People with obesity had hyperphagia (a feeling of extreme, insatiable hunger). Obesity might develop as early as 3 and a half years old. 

  • 8 out of 42 people had obesity (19 percent) 

 Mobility 

 Most people who are able to walk, had issues with walking and frequent falls.

Where can I find support and resources?

Simons Searchlight

Simons Searchlight is an online international research program, building an ever growing natural history database, biorepository, and resource network of over 175 rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorders. By joining their community and sharing your experiences, you contribute to a growing database used by scientists worldwide to advance the understanding of your genetic condition. Through online surveys and optional blood sample collection, they gather valuable information to improve lives and drive scientific progress. Families like yours are the key to making meaningful progress. To register for Simons Searchlight, go to the Simons Searchlight website at www.simonssearchlight.org and click “Join Us.”

Sources and References

The content in this guide comes from a published study about GNB1-related syndrome. Below you can find details about the study, as well as a link to the full article.

  • Kleinendorst, L., Abawi, O., Vos, N., van der Valk, E. S., Maas, S. M., Morgan, A. T., Hildebrand, M. S., Da Silva, J. D., Florijn, R. J., … & van Haelst, M. M. (2024). GNB1 and obesity: Evidence for a correlation between haploinsufficiency and syndromic obesity. Clinical Obesity, 14(4), e12661. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38596856/
  • Nasvytis, M., Čiauškaitė, J., & Jurkevičienė, G. (2024). GNB1 encephalopathy: Clinical case report and literature review. Medicina (Kaunas), 60(4), 589. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38674235/ 
  • Revah-Politi, A., Sands, T. T., Colombo, S., Goldstein, D. B., & Anyane-Yeboa, K. GNB1 encephalopathy. 2021 Apr 15. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554743/